Chain of events

This list is an attempt to give an overview of all the regulations and transports that led to the destruction of the Jewish community in the Netherlands during WWII.

All dates are in Dutch format; day – month – year.

10-05-1940 The German Army and Airforce starts attacking the Netherlands.

14-05-1940 Bombing of Rotterdam. 800 people killed, 24.000 houses, 32 churches and 2 synagogues destroyed. A total of 80.000 people were homeless.

Bombing of Rotterdam

15-05-1940 The Dutch Forces surrender to the Invasion by the German Army and Airforce. After the bombing of Rotterdam and the threat to bomb more cities.

01-07-1940 Prohibition for Jews to work for the Air Defense Service.
31-07-1940 Ban on ritual slaughter (VO 80-1940).  In effect as of August 5 1940.

06-09-1940 Prohibition for Jews to be in civil service, as announced in Regulation VO 108/1940 of August 20 1940. Jews already in service are not allowed to be promoted. Shortly after this is expanded from all departments and universities to all subsidised institutions.
13-09-1940 Regulation VO 137/1940, which makes it easier to further restrict the rights of civil servants.

Letter by Mr. Wimmer; 28-08-1940

14-09-1940 Jews banned from all markets in Amsterdam.
20-09-1940 Regulation VO 145/1940. All organisations and associations without economic goal have to register. Later followed by regulation VO 41/1941.

26-09-1940 Prohibition on the publication of all Jewish newspapers, with the exception of the Jewish Weekly (Het Joodsche Weekblad).

05-10-1940 All employees of universities, government departments and subsidised institutions have to fill in a ‘Arian-declaration’ about their descent. They had to fill out 2 forms; Form A was to declare that they were not Jewish and Form B was in 2-fold, to declare that they were of Jewish descent. As a consequence 2.500 Jewish civic servants, teachers, professors, judges are dismissed.

Arian declaration

17-10-1940 Regulation VO 197/1940. Introduction of the new ID-card for all Dutch people. Issue of the new ID-cards started in April 1941. They were more difficult to falsify and contained a photograph, fingerprint and signature of the owner.
22-10-1940 Jewish businesses must be reported to the Wirtschaftsprüfstelle (Wsp), with an account of the assets of the company. This was done with Regulation VO 198/1940. It’s estimated that about 22.000 Jewish businesses were reported at the Wsp.

04-11-1940 Announcement that from the 21st of November all Jewish civil servants will be dismissed

21-11-1940 From this day on announcements of dismissal of civil servants are issued. The coming months the persons involved are officially dismissed from their functions.

26-11-1940 Professor Cleveringa holds a speech at Leiden University in which he strongly protests against the dismissal of his colleague Jewish professors. His speech is copied and multiplied the same evening by students and spread to other universities in the Netherlands. It’s the start of the students protesting against the German occupation. Later on many of them are involved in the very first resistance groups.

19-12-1940 Prohibition for Jews to employ German domestic staff (VO 231/1940).
19-12-1940 All Dutch people have to register their radio's and apply for a listening-permit, regulation VO 232/1940. The radio is in those days, besides newspapers, the main source of information. The listening-permit has to be renewed each year and only owners of a listening-permit are allowed to own a radio.

09-01-1941 Prohibition for Jews to visit cinema’s.

10-01-1941 Regulation VO 6/1941. All Jewish people with at least one Jewish grandparent have to register with the population register. Within four weeks after publication, all municipalities have to do this task, which has been completed within the given period. Only a few persons (20 according to Dr. Lou de Jong) within the Jewish population refuse to register. As part of this regulation rules were set to decide how Jewish somebody was. The basic rules for this were already set as part of regulation VO 108-1940. “As all or partly of Jewish blood are those who descent from one or more Jewish grandparents. In all cases, everybody who is or was a member of a Jewish religious community, is to be considered Jewish.”: quote from a letter by Mr. Wimmer (Der Generalkommisar für Verwaltung und Justiz), 11 September 1940. Officially 160.820 Jews are registered, of which 15.549 half-Jews and 5.719 quarter-Jews. As a consequence of this regulation a Governmental Department was started under the leadership of Hans Calmeyer, where Jewish people could give evidence of their Jewish ancestry and try to proof themselves 'less Jewish' as originally registered.

16-01-1941 For Amsterdam, the city where the majority of the Dutch Jewish population live, an extra regulation is issued. They have to register how many houses and shops they own, where their schools and synagogues are, which tram- en buslines go to their quarters, which cultural societies there are.

05-02-1941 Doctors have to register if they are Jewish or not.
11-02-1941 Restrictive measures against Jewish students, regulations VO 27/1941and VO 28-1941.

12-02-1941 The quarter in Amsterdam with a lot of Jewish inhabitants is closed off with barbed wire and signs are placed “Jewish Quarter”. The barbed wire disappears shortly after but the signs stay.

Barbed wire fences in Amsterdam

Signs when entering/leaving the so-called Joodsche Wijk

 13-02-1941 Establishment of the Jewish Council, which gets the dubious instruction to implement all German regulations, under the presidency of Abraham Asscher and Dr. David Cohen. They can publish, and explain, all Nazi issued regulations in their own newspaper the Jewish Weekly, Het Joodsche Weekblad. In this weekly also lists are published of shops that are allowed for Jewish customers, addresses of offices of the Jewish Council etc. At some point in time the Council employed some 17.000 people. All employers of the Council got a Sperre (Bar), they got a stamp in their ID-card with a number which meant they were 'barred' from deportation.

22 en 23-02-41 First arrests of 427 Jews that are deported to Mauthausen, after protests against the Nazi issued regulations. As a reaction to this the February strike (Februaristaking) breaks out.

Publication issued by SS-Officer Rauter about the arrest of 400 Jewish men.

28-02-1941 Regulation VO 41/1941 allows for restrictive measures against all Jewish organisations without economic goal.

12-03-1941 With regulation VO 48/1941 all small Jewish businesses had to be liquidated and large or economically important Jewish businesses had to be Aryanised, that is carried on by non-Jews or a ‘Verwalter’. The income from these activities were transferred to the 'Treuhand AG' in Berlin and the Vermögensverwaltungs-und Rentenanstalt (VVRA) in the Netherlands.

20-03-1941 Evacuation of the Jewish work-village Nieuwe Schans in the polder of Wieringermeer in the north-west of the Netherlands. This workvillage was founded in 1934 primarily for refugee Jews from Germany and Austria to prepare for a life in Palestine. All of the people arrested were later on deported to Mauthausen, a concentration camp in Austria.

Men at Nieuwe Schans are lined up in order to be arrested and brought to Amsterdam

31-03-1941 Establishment of the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung – Central Office for Jewish Emigration, under the leadership of Willy Lages and Ferdinand Aus der Fünten. Both were SS-officers.

11-04-1941 The first edition of The Jewish Weekly appears.

First edition of Het Joodsche weekblad.

15-04-1941 Prohibition for Jews to own a radio, VO 26/1941.

01-05-1941 Jewish doctors and solicitors are only allowed to work for Jewish clients. Jews have to hand in their radio's. Jews are no longer allowed to visit markets and stock exchanges.
23-05-1941 Regulation VO 97/1941, Jews are excluded from the Dutch Workservice, Nederlandse Arbeidsdienst.  This Service (NAD) was started in October 1940 as a formalisation of the Arbeitseinsatz. Both men and women from the age of 18 were forced to work for the 'community', first voluntarily but from January 1942 on it was mandatory. In camps all over the Netherlands men had to work. Later on they were forced to go to work in the German factories. By regulation in October 1941 Jews had to go to work in separate camps.
27-05-1941 Regulation on notification and treatment of agricultural land in Jewish hands, VO 102/1941.

31-05-1941 Prohibition for Jews to visit swimming pools and beaches, according to regulation VO 20/1941 of February 7 1941. In the same regulation it's prohibited for Jews to visit horse-races and hotels, restaurants etc., public parks in sea- and beach areas and tourism sites.

04-06-1941 Further prohibitions which limit the freedom of travelling for Jews.

11-06-1941 Another razzia on Jews in Amsterdam. Second deportation of 300 Jews from Amsterdam to Mauthausen. Many men that used to work in Nieuwe Schans were part of this razzia which was a reaction by the Nazi's on attacks by the resistance on an Officers' villa in Amsterdam and a telephone exchange in Schiphol where one member of the German Wehrmacht was killed. A list with the persons that had to be arrested by German and Dutch police was drawn up by the Joodsche Raad. The persons arrested were brought to camp Schoorl (near the Dutch west coast) and from there deported to Mauthausen.
Camp Schoorl was build in 1939 as an army-camp of the Dutch Army. In June 1940 it was the first camp that was used for prisoners of the Nazi's until it was closed in October 1941 because it was too close to the coast and had no access to railway. The prisoners still in Schoorl in October 1941 were brought to Camp Amersfoort. In Camp Schoorl besides Jewish prisoners also political prisoners were detained here.
Most of the persons that were deported to Mauthausen died within weeks or a few months. Notices of their death were handed out to their families in order to create fear among the Jewish community to co-operate  with all regulations, or else ... These threats were also published in Het Joodsche Weekblad in order to get people co-operating with the Joodsche Raad and the Nazi issued regulations and later the orders for deportation.

Advert in Het Joodsche Weekblad of the death of one of the persons arrested June 11th.

 26-06-1941 Regulation VO 114/1941 regarding all shops and businesses.  As a consequence of this regulation all Jewish shops had to close on Sundays. So they had their shops closed on both Sabbath and Sunday.

Advert from Het Joodsche Weekblad "Closed on Sabbath and Sunday"

27-06-1941 In this edition of Het Joodsche Weekblad (Jewish Weekly) VO 20/1941 is explained. It's says that this regulation is meant for places like Scheveningen, Katwijk, Noordwijk, Zandvoort, Bergen etc., which are not to be visited by Jews with the penalty of a maximum period of imprisonment of 6 months or a Fl. 1.000,= fine. The average income these days is Fl. 100,= per month.
07-1941 Regulation VO 121/1941. A  governmental commissioner is appointed for the Unilever-concern in the Netherlands. Unilever is partly Jewish, one of the co-founders and owners is Samuel van den Bergh.
25-07-1941 Regulation VO 140/1941 on the prohibition for Jews to have pigeons.

08-08-1941 Regulation regarding Jewish property and income. The first of the so-called Liro-Regulations VO 148/1941: Jews are required to transfer their assets of more than a thousand guilders (about 450 euro) to the Lippmann-Rosenthal Bank, a former Jewish bank that was taken over by the Germans. The second Liro-Regulation, VO 58/1942 was issued 21-05-1942. With these 2 regulations the Nazi's got complete control over everybody's salary (if they still had work), savings, insurances, shares, etc.
11-08-1941 Issue of regulation 154/1941. This regulation concerns all land owned by Jews and refers also to regulations 26/1940 and 48/1941 and is a direct consequence of regulation VO 102/1941. Regulation 26/1940 is about Fremdvermögen, assets owned by people that are considered enemies of the German Empire. With this regulation all Jewish owned land and houses are handed over to the organisation called; Niederländische Grundstückverwaltung.

01-09-1941 Jewish children can only go to Jewish schools.

14-09-1941 Third razzia, in Twente (eastern part of the Netherlands) a hundred Jewish men are arrested and deported.

15-09-1941 Signs with the text "Verboden voor Joden" (Forbidden for Jews) appear. Jews are no longer allowed to visit public parks, zoo's, cafés, restaurants, hotels, pensions, theatres, cabarets, variétés, cinema's, sport facilities, concerts, public libraries, reading halls or museums, regulation VO 138/1941.

Butcher-shop with a sign "No admittance for Jews"

07 en 08-10-1941 Razzia's on Jews in the Achterhoek, Arnhem, Apeldoorn and Zwolle.
10-10-1941 A decision is made that specific work-camps for Jews have to be established in the Netherlands. About 40 little camps are build mainly in the eastern and north-eastern part of the Netherlands.
20-10-1941  Further regulations concerning the practice of professions for Jews, regulation VO 198/1941. Jewish Council agrees with the composition of a card catalogue of Jews in the Netherlands.
22-10-1941 Regulation VO 198/1941 give rules with regard to the rights in relation to the dismissal of Jews. Jews have to leave non-Jewish associations according to regulation VO 199/1941. Regulation VO 200/1941 forbids non-Jewish people to work for Jewish families or for families of which one or more persons are Jewish. This regulation applies also for Jewish hospitals, nursing homes, retirement homes and mental institutions.
11-1941 Regulation VO 211/1941 excludes Jews from membership of the Dutch Kulturkammer. All artists, painters, writers, musicians etc. have to be a member of the Nederlandse Kultuurkamer in order to be able to work. 

01-11-1941 Jews are only allowed to be a member of all-Jewish associations.

03-11-1941 In Amsterdam Jewish markets are being established.

07-11-1941 Jews are no longer allowed to travel or move without a permit.
25-11-1941 All German Jews in exile are no longer German citizens.
05-12-1941 All non-Dutch Jews have to report themselves at  the office of the Zentralstelle.

01-01-1942 Jews are no longer allowed to have non-Jewish domestic personnel.

09-01-1942 Public education is prohibited for Jews.

09-01-1942 Jewish ID-cards have to be issued with a big black “J”.

10-01-1942 First Jewish men leave from Amsterdam to go to work in one of the many small working camps in the Netherlands. In the short period these camps existed (January to October 1942) the official reason why these camps were created was to give work to Jewish men who didn't have a job any-more. With all the anti-Jewish regulations until this date this was a very large group of people. Of-course it was very handy to get a hold on these men with their families still living in Amsterdam. Nobody would think of hiding or fleeing from Holland under these conditions.

17-01-1942 Jews living in Zaandam have to move to Amsterdam. Beginning of the concentration of Jews in the Judenviertel – the Jewish Quarter in Amsterdam.

20-03-1942 Prohibition for Jews to own or drive a means of transportation.

25-03-1942 Jews are no longer allowed to marry non-Jews.

26-03-1942 Prohibition to remove furniture from Jewish homes. Of-course this is the prerogative of the Nazi's in the form of the Abteilung Hausraterfassung of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg.
01-04-1942 Jews are no longer allowed to marry at the city-hall of Amsterdam.

24-04-1942 Most of the Jewish butcher-shops have to close.
30-04-1942 According to regulation VO 47/1942 Jews are not allowed to be a member of the Nederlands Arbeidsfront (Dutch Workers Front).  This organisation replaced all the workers unions that existed up till then.

02-05-1942 Regulation in which Jews are forced to wear the yellow Star of David. It is a yellow patch of textile bearing the Star of David. In the black star the word "Jew" (Jood) is printed. The Star of David must be visible and must always be worn in public. Each person has to have at least 3 of them and they have to be bought from the Jewish Council, 3 cents each.

Article in the Jewish Weekly explaining how to wear the yellow star.

12-05-1942 Jews are no longer allowed to have an account at the money order service.

21-05-1942 Second LiRo-Regulation VO 58/1942. Jews have to transfer al their gold, silver, antique, works of art, valuables and cultural goods to the Lippmann-Rosenthal bank at the Sarphatistraat in Amsterdam.

29-05-1942 Jews are no longer allowed to fish or to apply for a fishing permit.

05-06-1942 Complete travelling prohibition for all Jews.

05-06-1942 The first calls for deportation from the Jewish Council are posted.
11-06-1942 Jews no longer allowed at the fish-market.

12-06-1942 Jews are only allowed to go shopping at certain times in certain shops. Jews can no longer buy vegetables at non-Jewish shops. Every form of sport is prohibited for Jews.

26-06-1942 The Jewish Council is informed of deportation of Jews to the East.

30-06-1942 Jews may, after 20.00 pm and 06:00 am no longer access the streets. They are not allowed to ride a bike or use public transport.

06-07-1942 Phone calls prohibited to Jews, Jews may no longer visit non-Jews.

14-07-1942 First transport of Jews from Amsterdam to Westerbork. Camp Westerbork is situated in the north-east of the Netherlands near the village of Hooghalen, in the province of Drenthe. Westerbork started at the end of 1939 as a refugee-camp for Jewish people that had fled from mainly Germany and Austria. On the 1st of July 1942 it came under German SS command of Albert Konrad Gemmeker (from October 1942 until the end of the war). During the war some 107.000 Jewish people were deported from Westerbork mainly to Auschwitz and Sobibor.

View of Camp Westerbork

 

15-07-1942 First train from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Leaving from the village of Hooghalen near the camp Westerbork. Total amount of passengers: 1137. In total, more than 60.000 Dutch Jews were deported to Auschwitz.

16-07-1942 Second transport to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 586 persons.

17-07-1942 A lot of streets in The Hague and Scheveningen are forbidden for Jews. Jews are only allowed to shop between 3 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon.

21-07-1942 Third transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1002 persons.

22-07-1942 The Hollandsche Schouwburg is assigned as the place in Amsterdam where Jews waiting for transport to Westerbork are gathered together. Nowadays it's in use as a museum and place of memorial, with an eternal flame and a wall with all family-names of those who died in the camps.

The Hollandsche Schouwburg - Dutch Theatre

24-07-1942 Fourth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1000 persons.

27-07-1942 Fifth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1010 persons.

31-07-1942 Jews are no longer allowed to visit hairdressers. Sixth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1007 persons.

08-1942 During the whole month razzia's in various places in the Netherlands.

03-08-1942 Seventh transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1013 persons.

07-08-1942 Eighth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 989 persons.
09-08-1942 All Jewish street names are removed and changed.

10-08-1942 Ninth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 547 persons.

14-08-1942 Tenth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 505 persons.

17-08-1942 Eleventh transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 510 persons.

21-08-1942 Twelfth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1003 persons.

24-08-1942 Thirteenth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 551 persons.

28-08-1942 Fourteenth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 608 persons.

31-08-1942 Fifteenth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 560 persons.

08-09-1942 In The Hague, Jews are no longer allowed to sit on public benches.

04-09-1942 Sixteenth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 714 persons.

07-09-1942 Seventeenth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 930 persons.

11-09-1942 Eighteenth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 874 persons.

14-09-1942 Nineteenth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 902 persons.

15-09-1942 Jewish students are no longer allowed to attend school.

18-09-1942 Twentieth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1004 persons.

21-09-1942 Tweny-first transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 713 persons.

25-09-1942 Twenty-second transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 928 persons.

28-09-1942 Twenty-third transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 610 persons.

02-10-1942 Twenty-fourth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1014 persons.

02 en 03-10-1942 Razzia's on the Jewish work-camps in the Netherlands. All work-camps are closed down and all workers deported to Westerbork.

05-10-1942 Twenty-fifth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 2012 persons.

09-10-1942 Twenty-sixth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1703 persons.

12-10-1942 Twenty-seventh transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1711 persons.

15-10-1942 The nursery at the Plantage Middenlaan 31, opposite the Hollandsche Schouwburg, is used as an annex of the Hollandsche Schouwburg. Jewish children separated from their parents are waiting here to be deported. Walter Süskind is in charge of both the Hollandsche Schouwburg and the nursery. He and associates manage to get hundreds of children out of the nursery to go into hiding. The building was broken down after the war. At the place where it used to be a plaque was placed in memory of the nursery.

Nursery opposite of the street of the Hollandsche Schouwburg

16-10-1942 Twenty-eighth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1710 persons.

19-10-1942 Twenty-ninth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1327 persons.

23-10-1942 Thirtieth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 988 persons.

26-10-1942 Thirty-first transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 841 persons.

30-10-1942 Thirty-second transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 659 persons.

02-11-1942 Thirty-third transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 954 persons.

06-11-1942 Thirty-fourth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 465 persons.

10-11-1942 Thirty-fifth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 758 persons.

16-11-1942 Thirty-sixth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 761 persons.

20-11-1942 Thirty-seventh transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 726 persons.

24-11-1942 Thirty-eighth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 709 persons.

30-11-1942 Thirty-ninth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 826 persons.

04-12-1942 Fortieth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 812 persons.

08-12-1942 Forty-first transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 927 persons.

12-12-1942 Forty-second transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 757 persons.

11-01-1943 Forty-third transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 750 persons.

15-01-1943 All abandoned children are considered to be Jewish children, they are brought to the nursery in Amsterdam and deported.

16-01-1943 From the Hollandsche Schouwburg the first group of 450 Jews is brought to the work-camp in Vught. A total of 12.000 Jews will be held captive in this camp which is officially called; Konzentrationslager Herzogenbusch. During the existence of the camp, from January 1943 until September 1944, Vught besides Jews also members of the Dutch resistance were held captive here, and all kinds of people convicted of various crimes, mostly offences against one of the many Nazi regulations.

A view of the camp at Vught (Konzentrationslager Herzogenbusch)

18-01-1943 Forty-fourth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 748 persons.

21/22-01-1943 Clearance of Het Apeldoornse Bos, near the city of Apeldoorn, a home for mentally handicapped and elderly Jewish people. The train consisted of about 40 boxcars  and left directly from the Apeldoorn railway-station to Auschwitz. This transport contained all the patients and personnel (a total of about 1250-1300 people) from Het Apeldoornse Bos and is considered one of the most horrible transports of the whole war. Many arrived dead in Auschwitz and the ones that arrived alive were in a terrible state.

Aerial photograph of Het Apeldoornsche Bosch, 1937.

23-01-1943 Forty-fifth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 516 persons.

29-01-1943 Forty-sixth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 659 persons.

02-02-1943 Forty-seventh transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 890 persons.

05-02-1943 Jews may not send letters or petitions to German authorities. All mail must go through the Jewish Council.

09-02-1943 Forty-eighth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1184 persons.

16-02-1943 Forty-ninth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1108 persons.

23-02-1943 Fiftieth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1101 persons.

01-03-1943 Clearance of the “Joodse Invalide” (a Jewish hospital) in Amsterdam. All the patients and personel present are deported.

Jewish Hospital "Joodsche Invalide" in Amsterdam, 1920.

02-03-1943 Fifty-first transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1105 persons. In total 30.414 Duch Jews were deported to the extermination camp Sobibor. 18 of them survived. In october 1943 there was a revolt at Sobibor during which a few hundred prisoners managed to escape. After this the camp was closed down and everything was broken down.

10-03-1943 Fifty-second transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1105 persons.

15-03-1943 The Germans found that some 25,000 Jews are in hiding somewhere. In a meeting in The Hague Harster, Zöpf and Lages decide to work with premiums for the detections of Jews in hiding. Harster determines the premium will be set at seven guilders and fifty cents a Jew, an amount that can be doubled if the Jew has violated the regulations.

17-03-1943 Fifty-third transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 964 persons.

23-03-1943 Fifty-fourth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1250 persons.

30-03-1943 Fifty-fifth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1255 persons.

04-1943 The Jews from the province of North Brabant have to go to Camp Vught.

06-04-1943 Fifty-sixth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 2020 persons.

10-04-1943 Prohibition for Jews to reside in the provinces Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel, Gelderland, Zeeland, North-Brabant and Limburg.

13-04-1943 Fifty-seventh transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1204 persons.

20-04-1943 Fifty-eighth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1166 persons.

22-04-1943 Prohibition for Jews to live in the provinces of Utrecht, South-Holland and North-Holland, with the exception of Amsterdam. In fact, this means all Jews in German captivity, except for a limited number of Amsterdam's Jews, some with a special exemption ("Sperre") and hiding Jews.

27-04-1943 Fifty-ninth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1204 persons.

05-1943 Sixtieth transport from Westerbork to Theresienstadt with 196 persons.

04-05-1943 Sixty-first transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1187 persons.

05-05-1943 Letter of dr. Harster, SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Polizei, concerning the final solution to the Jewish problem in the Netherlands. General guideline: The Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler asked that in the course of this year as many Jews as humanly possible, to be transported to the East.

Wilhelm Harster in SS-uniform

11-05-1943 Sixty-second transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1446 persons.

18-05-1943 Sixty-third transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 2511 persons.

25-05-1943 Sixty-fourth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 2862 persons.

26-05-1943 Big razzia for Jews in Amsterdam.

01-06-1943 Sixty-fifth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 3006 persons.

08-06-1943 Sixty-sixth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 3017 persons. Among them a lot of children from the camp in Vught.

20-06-1943 Again a big razzia for Jews in Amsterdam.

29-06-1943 Sixty-seventh transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 2397 persons.

06-07-1943 Sixty-eighth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 2417 persons.

13-07-1943 Sixty-ninth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 1988 persons.

20-07-1943 Seventieth transport from Westerbork to Sobibor with 2209 persons.

24-08-1943 Seventy-first transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1001 persons.

31-08-1943 Seventy-second transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1004 persons.

07-09-1943 Seventy-third transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 987 persons.

14-09-1943 Seventy-fourth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1005 persons.

09-1943 Seventy-fifth transport from Westerbork to Theresienstadt with 305 persons.

21-09-1943 Seventy-sixth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 979 persons.

29-09-1943 Last big razzia for Jews in Amsterdam. Transport of the last of the Jews from Amsterdam to Westerbork.

19-10-1943 Seventy-seventh transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1007 persons.

16-11-1943 Seventy-eighth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 995 persons.

19-11-1943 The Hollandsche Schouwburg is closed after the last Jews are arrested and deported

12-1943 A start is made with the call for Jews of mixed marriage to be deported. The Jewish Problem in the Netherlands is considered resolved.

11-01-1944 Seventy-ninth transport from Westerbork to Bergen-Belsen with 1037 persons.

18-01-1944 Eightieth transport from Westerbork to Theresienstadt with 870 persons.

25-01-1944 Eighty-first transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 949 persons.

1-2-1944 Last remaining Portuguese Jews will all be removed and brought to the Dutch Theater (Hollandsche Schouwburg), Westerbork, Theresienstadt, and many ended up in Auschwitz.

01-02-1944 Eighty-second transport from Westerbork to Bergen-Belsen with 908 persons.

08-02-1944 Eighty-third transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1015 persons.

15-02-1944 Eighty-fourth transport from Westerbork to Bergen-Belsen with 773 persons.

25-02-1944 Eighty-fifth transport from Westerbork to Theresienstadt with 811 persons.

03-03-1944 Eighty-sixth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 732 persons.

15-03-1944 Eighty-seventh transport from Westerbork to Bergen-Belsen with 210 persons.

23-03-1944 Eighty-eighth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 599 persons.

05-04-1944 Eighty-ninth transport from Westerbork to Theresienstadt with 289 persons.

04-1944 Ninetieth transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 240 persons.

04-1944 Ninety-first transport from Westerbork to Bergen-Belsen with 101 persons.

01-05-1944 Introduction of the TD-card, the Second Distribution Master Card, in addition to the in 1939 in the Netherlands introduced distribution card for the procurement of food. The TD-card was linked to the verification of identity. The aim was to prevent the resistance and hidden Jewish people to get food and their attempts would be easier to detect.

19-05-1944 Ninety-second transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 453 persons.

05-1944 Ninety-third transport from Westerbork to Bergen-Belsen with 238 persons.

02-06-1944 Ninety-fourth transport from camp Vught to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 496 persons.

31-07-1944 Ninety-fifth transport from Westerbork to Theresienstadt with 213 persons.

07-1944 Ninety-sixth transport from Westerbork to Bergen-Belsen with 178 persons.

03-09-1944 Ninety-seventh transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz-Birkenau with 1019 persons.

04-09-1944 Ninety-eighth transport from Westerbork to Theresienstadt with 2087 persons.

13-09-1944 Ninety-ninth transport from Westerbork to Bergen-Belsen with 279 persons.

17-09-1944 General railway strike broke out after an appeal by Radio Orange. This radiostation was managed by the Dutch government in exile in the UK. The goal of the strike was to support Operation Market Garden, in order to liberate the rest of the Netherlands, not to prevent deportation of prisoners (Jews) to the east.

Sources;

• Willy Lindwer; Kamp van hoop en wanhoop, getuigen van Westerbork, 1939 – 1945; 1990
• Jacques Presser; Ondergang, de vervolging en verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom, 1940 – 1945; 1965
• Het Joodsche Weekblad: kranten.kb.nl
• Onderzoeksgids Oorlogsgetroffenen WO2: www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl
• Camp Westerbork: www.kampwesterbork.nl
• Camp Vught: www.nmkampvught.nl
• Camp Amersfoort: www.kampamersfoort.nl
• Jewish Work camps: www.joodsewerkkampen.nl
• Zuidelijke Wandelweg: www.zuidelijkewandelweg.nl
• Historisch Centrum Overijssel: www.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl
  

  • Annual report 1942 of SS-Officer Lages, der Befehlshaber der SiPo und des SD; a separate chapter deals about what has been achieved untill the end of 1942 regarding the deportation of Jews. In German.
  • Camp Schoorl: www.kamp-schoorl.nl