Paul May and the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg

Paul May and his wife Rosine Fuld, who were of Jewish descent, committed suicide on the day of the capitulation of the Dutch army, May 15, 1940.

In centre: Rosine Fuld and Paul May. At left: Alexander von Marx and Ellen May.

At the district office of the police in Amsterdam, at the Overtoom street, a report was made on the same day at 17:30. According to the report 3 people attempted to commit suicide at the premisses of the Lairessestraat 167. Namely; Paul May, 71 years, banker; Rossi Fulde (should be Rosine Fuld), 69 years and Robert May, 65, banker. According to the death certificate, from the archives of the Municipality of Zeist, Paul and Rosine deceased at 12:00. They were found by Nellie Wolterbeek secretary of Paul May and John Post, partner of Robert May.

From the police-report of the police-office at the Overtoom in Amsterdam, May 15, 1940.

On the same day at the same district office of police, there’re reports of several suicides involving a total number of 25 persons. The next morning the police-reports start with another suicide. Many, mainly Jewish people, make the decision to take matters into their own hands, rather than await events take it’s course . Sometimes a complete family is found, sitting at the kitchen-table, killed by ‘suffocation by gas’.

Death certificate from the archives of Zeist of Paul May..

Paul and Rosine have committed suicide by taking poison, cyanide. Robert May survived it. He dies in 1962. A strange fact is that according to the police-report all 3 people were found dead but on 23^rd of May 1940 Robert May appears in public at the opening of a new retreat for monkeys in the Artis Zoo, the main zoo of Amsterdam. He held an official position within the board of the Artis Zoo as president of the Society Natura Artis Magistra.

The address where they committed suicide, the Lairessestraat 167, is the residence of the family of the daughter of Paul May and Rosine, Ellen May and Alexander von Marx and their 3 children. The family of Ellen and Alexander escaped to England, the day before. Later they managed to escape to New York and they all survived the war.

Death certificate of Rosine Fuld.

According to a form of the Hausraterfassung, made on 27^th of August 1942, Robert May lived at that time in Amsterdam. His house at the Amersfoortseweg 18 in Zeist had been seized by the German Wehrmacht, just before. The Hausraterfassung, or HausraterfassungsStelle, was a department of the ZentralStelle für Judische Auswanderung during the war in Amsterdam. It was one of the many looting organizations of the nazi’s during the war.

Paul and Rosine were living in Zeist since 1931, at the estate De Breul. Zeist is a little village just east of Utrecht in the centre of the Netherlands.

Inventory report from the house of Robert May in Zeist. HausratErfassung, August 27, 1942.

Both the family May as the Fuld family have a family connection with Georg or George Rosenthal, a founder of the Jewish bank Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co. This bank was founded on the 1^st of March 1859 by Leo Lippmann and George Rosenthal. Soon after the establishment of the bank the brother-in-law of George, Amandus May, was recruited. Amandus is the father of Paul and Robert May. From 1904 on, both Paul and Robert became Associates to the firm Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co. Later, also Alexander von Marx, the son-in-law of Paul and a cousin of Rosine, Edgar Fuld, became partners in the firm too. The last one, Edgar Fuld, died in a plane crash in 1948, along with his wife and a daughter.

Paul May held many positions during his life;

• 1900 member of the Board of Directors of the Artis Zoo and he belonged to the founders of the Fund Artis
• 1900 appointed to Royal Nijverdal Steam Weaving Mill in Almelo
• 1904 Paul and his brother Robert May become partners of the bank Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co.
• 1908 member of the board of the Amsterdam School Association
• 1908 member of a committee which aimes to urge the City of Amsterdam to start a public library
• 1911 appointed to the National Mortgage Bank of Amsterdam
• 1911 appointed chairman of the regents of the Dutch Jewish girl in Amsterdam Orphanage
• 1912 appointed officer of Franz Josefs-order, he is also part of the association Charitas,
• 1912 member of the Trustees of the Public University of Amsterdam
• 1913 member of a committee which will organize an exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam about Modern French ceramics
• 1914 member of the board of the Museum and the School for Applied Arts in Haarlem,
• 1916 member of the board of the Dutch Historical Maritime History Museum in Amsterdam and a member of the Finance Committee
• 1916 member of the board of directors of the Amsterdam Hotel Atlanta
• 1917 commissioner of the South African trading company in Amsterdam
• 1919 member of the board of the First Aviation Exhibition Amsterdam
• 1920 next to Paul and Robert May, Edgar Fuld is appointed partner of the bank Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co.
• 1922 member of the Board of Fund 1918 for the control of tuberculosis and cancer
• 1923 member of the committee for the Mexican State debt
• 1923 honorary Member of the General Dutch and Dutch-Indonesian Horticultural and Flower Show
• 1923 appointed Knight of the Dutch Lion - he was then vice-president of the Amsterdam Bankers Association
• 1924 member of the board of the Exchange Association
• 1925 president of the General Wool-trade Society
• 1925 committee member of Amsterdam to the alleviation of Emergency - for victims of the cyclone
• 1926 member of the General Commission of United mitigate disasters by Flooding in Netherlands
• 1926 member of the Amsterdam committee on the occasion of the 25-year marriage of the royal couple
• 1926 member of the Board of Governors of the International Bank in Amsterdam
• 1926 commissioner of the National Mortgage Bank
• 1927 member of the honorary committee of the Central Israelite Orphans- and Transit House in Leiden
• 1928 member of the committee recommendation to celebrate 100-anniversary of the newspaper Algemeen Handelsblad
• 1929 member of the Board of Governors of the Bank Deutscher Zentrale AG Industries Berlin
• 1929 member of the supervisory board of the Anglo-Dutch Investment Trust
• 1929 commissioner of the Royal Dutch-Indian Airlines
• 1929 member of the Supervisory Board of KLM, the Royal Dutch Airlines
• 1929 member of the honorary committee of the Great Autumn-Chrysanthemum and Flower Show
• 1930 member of the Executive Committee anniversary of Help for the Homeless
• 1932 commissioner at the Dutch Central Bank
• 1933 member of the committee recommendation of the Society for the Protection of Jewish Girls
• 1934 president of the Amsterdam Bankers Association
• 1934 Chief Commissioner of KLM
• 1935 member of the finance committee of the Society for the Preservation of Nature, a member of the board of directors of the Dutch Royal Aeronautical Society
• 1936 member of the awards committee for the 40-year jubilee of the Queen
• 1937 President at the second meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris, member of the board of the Amsterdam University Association.

In the centre, sitting: Paul May. At the re-opening of the orphanage for Jewish girls in Amsterdam.

Paul May is very involved in the Dutch social life of the 'high society' at that time. Through all of his functions he comes into contact with many people in high places, not only within the Dutch financial world, but also within the world of science, art and charity. Members of the May-family have important functions within the board of the Artis Zoo but they are also closely involved in the creation of the KLM and other Dutch aviation organizations.

The love of art and culture also plays an important part, for generations, in the family. George Rosenthal decided in 1880, to hand over the extensive and valuable library (Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana) he had inherited from his father Leeser Rosenthal, to the University of Amsterdam. Paul and Rosine also have a valuable collection of books and art.

Newspaperarticle with the announcement of the auction of the May-collection.

Announcement for the auction of the May-Fuld collection in December and January 1941.

From October 1941 articles and advertisements appear in newspapers to announce auctions to be held at the auction house Frederik Muller & Co., where objects are going to be sold from the estate of May-Fuld.

Later on newspaper articles appear that mention the main items sold. The auction of the belongings of Paul and Rosine take a total of 5 days to complete. Paul May also had an important and valuable collection of old books that attracted the attention of the Germans, and especially those of the staff of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg.

People looking at pieces from the May-Fuld collection before auction.

Painting from the Paul May collection at auction.

After the war, it becomes clear how this has come to pass.

After the death of Paul and Rosine, Robert May was appointed curator of the estate of the couple. At the direction of Verwalter Flesche, on the 21^st of February 1941 the heritage was regarded as enemy property by the Deutsche Revisions und Treuhand AG (another Nazi thieving organization). Reason was that the recipient heiress (their daughter Ellen) was on enemy soil (U.S.), after which a German administrator was appointed who then offered large portions of this legacy for auction. This auction brought in an amount of about Fl. 450,000, = (Dutch guilders), most of which was then deposited in an account of the Deutsche Revisions und Treuhand AG.

The Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg

The Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg was one of the many nazi thieving organisations that were active in the Netherlands during the war. It was an organizational part of the German Nazi-party NSDAP.

The leader of the ERR in the Netherlands is SS Sturmbannführer Alfred Schmidt-Stähler (who signed his letters with the SS-runes instead of the S in his name). In the Netherlands the activities of the ERR started in July 1940, first at the Keizersgracht 264, later on at the Rokin 116. At the first address the International Institute of Social History was located. The archives and library of this institute were the first target of the ERR. Packaged in 900 cases it went to Germany. Rokin 116 was taken from a Jewish owner who was disowned and afterwards the ERR pulled in and the building was made suitable for large quantities of books to be stored. The Haupt Arbeitsgruppe Niederlande of the ERR was in close contact with the headquarters in Berlin, with the RSHA in Berlin, the SD in The Hague, the Omnia and Treuhandgesellschaft and the Zentralstelle für Jüdische Auswanderung in Amsterdam. For the storage of goods they could also use warehouses in the Western Entrepotdok at the Buyskade, the Municipal Entrepotdok at the Kadijksplein 61 to 63 and the Vondelstraat, in a former building of the Masonic Lodge.

Piece of a ERR-report about the Paul May book-collection.

Several dozens of people worked for the ERR in Amsterdam, both Germans and Dutch. There was also a permanent staff of German scientists stationed. Sometimes also experts were send from Berlin to Amsterdam to review and appreciate certain collections that were thought to be of value.

The primary task of the ERR was the seizure of archives and libraries that were of interest to the Nazis. These collections were then destined for the Hohe Schule der NSDAP in Germany. The Hohe Schule was the elite university to the new executives of the NSDAP, SS, and other Nazi organizations. The first branch of the Hohe Schule opened on the 26^th of March 1941, the Institute for the Investigation of the Jewish Question in Frankfurt am Main. The plan was that 10 branches would follow, but as a consequence of the developments during the war this plan did not go through.

Another task of the ERR was drawing up lists of banned authors and banned books. These lists were compiled in cooperation with the SD in The Hague and they were constantly updated.

From of one of the many report of the ERR from the Berlin archives, with letterhead of the German Nazi party NSDAP. Signed by the head of the Dutch ERR department Schmidt-Stähler.

The ERR also delivered books to the German troops and German or National Socialist schools and colleges in the Netherlands. For instance in the Netherlands at the end of the war a 20-odd KLV Lager (Kinderland Verschickungs Lager) where sometimes children from Germany were housed, that were evacuated from bombed areas in Germany. They got their education in these KLV-Lager. There were several of these KLV Lager in Brummen and Houthem-St.Gerlach. In Brummen i.a. Lager Klein Engelsbrug. The ERR also delivered books to the Oberste Deutsche Schule in Den Haag and Amsterdam and Deutsche Volksschulen in Doetinchem, Eindhoven and Den Bosch. But they also delivered to the National Youth Storm, an NSB organization (Dutch National Socialist Movement) in Utrecht.

A separate section of the ERR focused on the seizure of sheet music and musical instruments.

The bookcollection of Paul May

The estate De Breul near Zeist in modern times.

At the time Paul May and Rosine Fuld committed suicide in the home of their daughter in Amsterdam they actually lived in Zeist, just east of Utrecht, on the Estate De Breul. They lived here from 1931, before that time they had lived at Herengracht 268 in Amsterdam.

Paul and Rosine also had a son, Alfred, but he had died at the age of 19 in 1920.

The Estate De Breul, and all its contents, fell into German hands after their death.

In October and December 1941 many artifacts, mainly art and porcelain, from the heritage of the May-family were auctioned at the auction-house of Frederik Muller. Up until 1943 still nothing happened with the very large and priceless collection of books. In the first weekly report of the ERR, from January 1943, which is part of the archives of the NIOD and has been preserved, we can read that through the intervention of General Commissioner Schmidt (zur besonderen Verwendung) the collection is assigned to the ERR. In the same week report we can read that the actual seizure of the collection by the ERR has the highest priority and that the collection is still in the hands of the Luftwaffengefechtsstand in Zeist. What may reveal that De Breul had been seized and occupied by the Luftwaffe.

Weekreport of the ERR of January 1943. Schmidt-Stähler mentions talks with Rauter (head of Security and the police), Harster (head of Sipo and SD) and Schmidt (General Kommissar zur Besonderen Verwendung). With Schmidt he talks about the Paul May collection.

In a report of the next week, the week of 21 to 27 February 1943, we read that the value of the collection that was first estimated at about Fl. 63 000, for further evaluation by an expert of the auction-house Frederik Muller was estimated to be at least Fl. 250 000 or RM. 330 000. From this week report we can also conclude a further involvement of the auction-house of Frederik Muller, because not only is the collection at their store but they are also responsible for expertly packing the priceless collection in appropriate boxes. According to the monthly report of February 1943 they also did the second estimation of the value of the collection. The collection is packed in such a hurry that they have no time to make up a detailed catalog of the collection. Despite the fact that this collection is very costly. A detailed inventory is made up later, in Amsterdam, and is finished in the first week of March 1943. This week 14 boxes are packed with books from the collection of Paul May.

Last part of the ERR weekreport of January 25 1943. In the last paragraph he talks about some 200 000 books that are in wharehouses, as a result of the M-Aktion, and have to be transported to the Rokin 116. In the last sentence he stresses the importance of taking care of the Paul May collection which is still in Zeist. Signed by Schmidt-Stähler (SS).

In the weekly report of the following week, Schmidt-Stähler had a conversation with Oberleutnant Mummendey, he had to come from Zeist. Probably he is the officer of the Luftwaffe who seized the Estate De Breul. The conversation is about the packaging and transport of the rest of the collection of Paul May, which is still located in Zeist. In the same week the other part of the collection which is stored at Frederik Muller, is transferred to the building on the Rokin 116.

In the reports of the ERR are reports of the term M-Aktion. This term includes all those activities that deal with the confiscation of Jewish-owned goods, like furniture, clothing, silverware, carpets, books etc. The ERR is working closely with the Department of Hausraterfassung of the Zentralstelle in Amsterdam. Employees of the Hausraterfassung make up household inventories of all Jewish homes of all the people that will be deported to the camps in Poland. A copy of these inventories is send to the ERR which will then determine whether there is something of their interest on the lists. Then, when the goods are seized there’re always people of the ERR present or they go to look afterwards at the place where the goods are stored.

During the week of March 14 to 20, 1943 the packaging of the book collection of Paul May which still remains in Zeist, is started. Two employees of the ERR, Wehde and Wulfekötter, travel to Zeist to supervise the packaging of the collection. It is estimated that approximately 17-18 boxes are needed for this part of the collection.

During the week of March 28 to April 3, 1943, they begin with the repackaging in Amsterdam of the collection which has come from Zeist, in other cases. These boxes receive the marking: NDrPM (Niederlande, Driebergen, Paul May). This is in contrast to the part of the collection which was seized earlier, these cases were marked: NAPM (Niederlande, Amsterdam, Paul May). According to the monthly report of February 1943 there’re 14 boxes NAPM. According to the monthly report of April 1943 there’re 9 boxes NDrPM. Copies of the weekly and monthly reports go to the headquarters of the ERR in Berlin. The inventory lists are sent with the boxes so that recipients know what the contents of the boxes are.

To get an idea of the size of the entire robbery operation, according to the monthly report of June 1944 there are 680 boxes packed for transport, including 271 boxes of material from the International Institute of Social History and 204 boxes of the Bibliotheca Rosenthalia. In May 1944, about 124 boxes, in April 1944 some 136 cases.

Richard Mummendey

In the story about Paul May and his book collection Oberleutnant Mummendey plays a role. A correspondence is found between a scientific collaborator of the ERR (Köster) and Mr Mummendey who apparently was stationed in the former residence of the family May, Estate De Breul in Zeist. He is listed in the weekly reports of 28-2 to 03.06.1943 which were compiled by Schmidt-Stähler, following a discussion with Mummendey about packaging and the disposal of the collection that is based in Zeist. Below is some information about Oberleutnant Mummendey.

Born 07/14/1900 Angelsdorf, Elsdorf

Deceased; 09/24/1978 Bad Kissingen

Son of Ernst Mummendey and Susanne Dreling. He was married 2 times and had 1 son, Dietrich (1929-1984).

Librarian, book scientist, writer, translator and publisher.

Has translated many works of English and American authors in German like, Robert Louis Stevenson, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Dickens, Jonathan Swift, et al.

Own work;
Bibliographie der Gesamt-Zeitschriften-Verzeichnisse, 1939
Mirabilia Romae; smaller Führer durch Rom, 1942
Von Büchern und Bibliotheken, 1950
Die Sprache und Literatur der Deutschen Angel Sachsen im Spiegel der Universität scriptures 1885-1950, 1954
This Literatur schöne Vereinigte Staaten von der deutschen Übersetzungen in America, 1961
That Bibliothekare des Wissenschaftlichen Dienstes Universitätsbibliothek of Bonn, 1968

After his exams at the Gymnasium of Bonn and his military service he graduated on chemistry, physics, mineralogy, engineering and electrical engineering at the universities of Bonn and Munich and the Technical Universities of Aachen and Hanover. In 1922 he obtained his doctorate degree in Hanover on the study; Der Einfluss verschiedener Entsäurungsmittel auf die chemical Zusammensetzung und den Geschmack des Weines, to Dr.-Ing. Then he became an assistant in a laboratory at the State Research Institute for Fruit, Wine and Horticulture in Geisenheim in the occupied Rhineland which he 1923/1924 had to leave again. From 1925-1935 he was an independent wine expert. Only in 1935 he was a volunteer at the university in Berlin and in 1937 he put his exam for Librarian. Until 1939 he was librarian at the Arbeitswissenschaftlicher Institut in Berlin, then returned to the Universitätsbibliothek in 1942 and was appointed head librarian of the Technical University in Aachen. From 1945-1950 he was a prisoner and after some time of de-Nazification stayed unemployed. In 1950 he returned as a librarian back to the university of Bonn.

He developed, end 1930's, a system for journal referencing which would make scientific and technical research easier because scientific articles within this system were easier to find. His "Von Büchern und Bibliotheken" was made up from lectures, which he held when he was kept in a prisoner of war camp.

Letter from Richard Mummendey.

The correspondence in the ERR records begins in december 1942 as Köster writes to Mummenday that he does not get to process the collection of Paul May which is stored in Zeist, while he first has to go on holiday and afterwards he will be busy with other pursuits. He expects something to be taken place in mid-January. The next letter from Mummendey to Köster is on the 1^st February 1943 while Mummendey spents some time in Berlin. From Berlin en route to Rome Mummendey writes a handwritten letter to Köster in which he indicates that he, with the permission of his superior, has taken some books from the collection of Paul May and also would like to have some other works in his possession, a publication of Schiller and Lessing. On the 4^th of March 1943 Mummendey writes to Köster to let him know that soon he will be in the Netherlands for one day to discuss matters with him.

Apparently they still did not meet each other, as from Rome Mummendey writes another letter, on the 18^th of March 1943, accompanied by a detailed wish list of books that he would like to have / take over from the collection of Paul May.

Including an edition in brown leather of the complete works of Goethe in 16 parts, 5 parts with theatrical works of Schiller from 1805, Historia von Rhodis from 1513; Augustine, The City of God from 1476; Voltaire, Oevres poetiques in red leather, from 1825 , and several other works.

On the 21^st of April 1943 the following reaction from Köster, in which he says that after consultation with Schmidt-Stähler they want to give him 1 work (Furstenberg, Das Französische Buch im 18. Jahrhundert und der Empirezeit) but the rest is not possible because: 'es sich um Reichseigentum handelt’ the books of the collection are property of the Reich. On the 22^nd of May 1943 Mummendey answers that the book that’s promised to him will be collected by a courier and that he also likes a work of Heinrich Heine to get with it. On the 24^th of June 1943 Köster answers that unfortunately he cannot do that because everything is already packed and shipped. In a letter dated 3^rd of March 1944 Mummendey asks to have a few other books; Brantome-Bande, from the collection of Paul May. Köster refers him to an answer of 17^th of March 1944, to the headquarters of the ERR in Berlin. On the 21^st of March 1944 a friendly response comes from Mummendey who's at Hottengrund. Under his name on the letterhead it states; Oblt. Mummendey, Stab Ge. d. Jagdflg., Berlin-Kladow. So from this it is established that Mummendey had a function within the Luftwaffe. This is also confirmed by the book he writes during the war, when he was stationed in Italy; Mirabilia Romae: kleiner Führer durch Rom. As a writer / publisher is it stated; Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe, General der Nachtjagd, Aussenstelle Süd. Moreover, this is also confirmed by the fact that during the war, different parts of the Luftwaffe had occupied houses in Zeist, including the Estate De Breul. In De Breul itself was housed the staff of the XII. Fliegerkorps, later the I. Jagdkorps. From there actions were supported by the nightfighters of the Luftwaffe, whose task was to counter actions of the allies towards the Ruhr industrial area. A commandcenter was built just south of De Breul, a bunker called Caesar. In this bunker now a media company is located.

In the surrounding area of Zeist a lot of activities of the Luftwaffe were located because of the nearby airport Soesterberg. Which was built before the war for the Dutch Air Force. Soesterberg is in fact one of the oldest airports in the world and started off in 1913.

Anton Mussert

Another person who had a special interest in the collection of Paul and Rosine May was Anton Mussert. He had, when objects from the collection were auctioned, bought several items by the use of strawmen. Crockery and porcelain was found packed in 7 cases, after the war, in the vault of a bank in the name of Helena Mijnlieff-Verburg. She was the mother of Marietje Mijnlieff, the girlfriend / mistress of Anton Mussert. Helena said, upon discovery of the collection, that they were owned by Mussert. When Anton Mussert, at the end of war, tried to bring many of his belonging into safety at different friends. The 7 cases went back after the war to the rightful heirs of Paul and Rosine, the family von Marx-May.
The book collection of Paul May, was found, after the war, in a monastery at Tanzenberg, just north of Klagenfurt, in Austria. It eventually ended up there after it was originally send to the Hohe Schule in Frankfurt am Main. The collection was returned to Ellen May.
Many from the collection of Paul May and Rosine Fuld was never recovered. At the auctions in 1941, not only German merchants bought things from the collection of objects but also Dutch traders. Probably much of this ended up in Dutch museums. This is also demonstrated by research done by KRO's Brandpunt (a Dutch news show on TV) regarding a painting by Cornelis van der Voort and an ink drawing of P.C. La Frague which were found in the collection of the Amsterdam Museum.

Lippmann, Rosenthal and Co.

The name of this Jewish bank was used in the war for a cover-up of one of the many Nazi thieving organizations that was used for robbing the Dutch Jewish population of all their properties. According to one of the many anti-Jewish regulations every Jew had to deposit all their assets into an account at this bank. They were also actively involved in the M-Aktion and employees of the bank also worked at the Westerbork camp in order to rob every Jew that was imprisoned there of all their money, jewelry, gold, silver, diamonds they might have with them. Anything of some value was taken from them.

Paul May in 1936.

 Sources;

• Archive Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg:www.archieven.nl; documents held by the NIOD. Week Posts range from 03/01/1943 to 26/08/1944
• Archive Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg: www.bundesarchiv.de, including an addition to the latest news in the archives of the NIOD; runs from 03/08/1941 to 04/04/1942
• Newspaper Archive National Library: kranten.kb.nl
• Amsterdam City Archives: stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl

• Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana: cf.uba.uva.nl/nl/publicaties/treasures/frame.html
• Music and the ERR: www.wo2-muziek.nl
• Cultural plunder: www.errproject.org
• Obituary plaque Lippmann, Rosenthal & Co.: www.inmemoriam40-45.nl
• Research Guide on war victims: www.oorlogsgetroffenen.nl
• Book; Mussert & Co.; The NSB leader and his confidants, by Tessel Pollmann, Boom Publishers, 2012
• Nijmegen Constellation crashes at Prestwick: www.aviacrash.nl
• Website of William Tiemens about Luftwaffe in Zeist
• Biography Mummendey, John Buder in Neue Deutsche Biographie, 1997
• Basic Information about ERR and Hohe Schule; de.wikipedia.org
• Advisory Refund Requests Cultural and World War II: www.restitutiecommissie.nl